Issues

PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PrEP)

PROTECT YOURSELF FROM FUTURE EXPOSURE TO RABIES THROUGH

 

This vaccination acts as the patient’s prevention against rabies as it is given before any possible exposure. It is also recommended for travelers who are living or will visit areas where dogs or rabies virus are common.

 

What is pre-exposure (Pre-EP) rabies vaccination?

Pre-exposure rabies vaccination is a way to protect a person from getting rabies before they come in

contact with a rabid animal. Two types of rabies vaccines are licensed for pre-exposure in the US; both

are equally safe and produce an antibody response against rabies virus. The available vaccines are as

follows: Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV), and Purified Chick Embryo Cell vaccine (PCEC). Rabies

Vaccine Absorbed (RVA) is no longer available in the United States.

 

 

What are the advantages of preexposure vaccination?

Although Pre-EP does not eliminate the need for additional vaccination once you are exposed to a rabid

animal, it does reduce the number of doses needed. If an individual with a history of receiving Pre-EP is

exposed to a rabid animal, only 2 doses of rabies vaccine are necessary instead of 4 doses of vaccine plus anti-rabies serum (Human Rabies Immune Globulin).

 

 

Who should consider receiving PrEP?

A person whose work, interests, or hobbies that may bring them in regular and close contact with animals capable of having rabies should consider PrEP.  PreP is generally recommended for groups such as veterinarians, laboratory workers, animal handlers, animal control personnel, wildlife workers, trappers, and raccoon hunters.

People who will not have ready access to medical care, those backpacking to a remote area, persons on more than 30 days international travel, or families in a foreign country where rabies is a problem, should also consider Pre-EP.

 

How many shots in a PreP series?

The pre-exposure vaccination series consists of three injections (shots) of a killed rabies virus vaccine. The first two doses are given one week apart (day 0 and 7). The third and last dose is given 2-3 weeks following the second dose (day 21 or 28). Adults and children receive the same dose and schedule for vaccination.

 

How is the vaccine given?

All pre-E rabies vaccinations are administered in the muscle of the upper arm (deltoid) in adults; in children less than 5 years in the upper mid-thigh (vastis lateralis). Rabies vaccines should NEVER be given in the buttock (gluteus) areas. Are booster doses of the vaccine needed? Either a blood test (titer) or a booster dose of rabies vaccine is recommended every 2 years. A titer shows that antibodies to the rabies virus are present and at a certain level the need for the booster is not necessary. If the titer is low or negative, a booster dose is necessary.

 

Could there be undesirable effects from the rabies vaccines?

The current rabies vaccines have been used in the U.S. since 1980 and are considered safe and effective. Approximately 16,000 – 39,000 people receive these vaccines each year. Minor local reactions, such as pain, itching, swelling, and redness at the site of the injection (shot) may occur within 24-48 hours. These reactions are usually gone in several days. A few individuals (around 6 out of 100) may experience one or more allergic symptoms, such as itching rash, fever, joint pain, swelling nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. These symptoms may occur up to 21 days (though usually within 12 days) following the injections. Most individuals recover rapidly following vaccination; to date no one has died or has been permanently affected following such a reaction.

 

What health conditions may affect getting Pre-E rabies vaccination?

GENERAL – If you are sick, have been exposed to an infectious disease, or are getting well from an illness the vaccine should be postponed. Tell the health care provider if you have had reactions to a previous dose of a rabies vaccine.

 

PREGNANCY – Pregnant women may receive pre-exposure vaccination if there are valid reasons to do so. Ask your health care provider, if needed. ALLERGIES (hypersensitivity) – Persons having a history of hypersensitivity (allergy) to any vaccine or other substances such as foods, drugs and antibiotics should obtain permission from their health care provider before beginning pre-exposure vaccination.

 

IMMUNOSUPPRESSED Individuals – Pre-exposure immunization for immunosuppressed persons is not recommended. Persons, who have or have had cancer or are taking corticosteroids or, other immunosuppressive drugs should obtain permission from their health care provider before receiving preexposure vaccinations.

 

ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS – May affect the vaccination response. Please tell the health care provider if you are taking anti-malarial drugs.